Tenses, Present tense
Untuk melanjutkan pembahasan dari materi Grammar sebelumnya yaitu materi tenses, di artikel saya kali ini saya akan membahas lebih rinci mengenai materi tenses dari kelompok present tense. Yaitu simple present tense, present continuous tense, present perfect tense, dan present perfect continuous tense.
1. Simple Present Tense
Fungsi:
- Menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang menjadi rutinitas
Contoh: I watch TV every day
- Menunjukkan suatu fakta
Contoh: The sky is blue
Rumus Verbal:
(+) | Subject (I, You, They, We) | V-1 ( tanpa s/es) | Object | Ket. Waktu |
Subject (She, He, It) | V-1 (s/es) | Object | Ket. Waktu |
(-) | Subject (I, You, They, We) | do not | V-1 | Object | Ket. Waktu |
Subject (She, He, It) | does not | V-1 | Object | Ket. Waktu |
(?) | Do | Subject (I, You, They, We) | V-1 | Object | Ket. Waktu ? |
Does | Subject (She, He, It) | V-1 | Object | Ket. Waktu? |
Contoh:
a. (+) They always have breakfast
(-) They do not always have breakfast
(+) Do they always have breakfast?
Yes, they do / No, they don’t
b. (+) Jimmy takes a bath every evening.
(-) Jimmy does not take a bath every evening.
(?) Does Jimmy take a bath every evening?
Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t
Rumus Nominal:
(+) | S (I) | to be (am) | Complement |
S (She, He, It) | to be (is) | Complement | |
S (You, They, We) | to be (are) | Complement |
(-) | S (I) | to be (am) not | Complement |
S (She, He, It) | to be (is) not | Complement | |
S (You, They, We) | to be (are) not | Complement |
(?) | To be (am) | S (I) | Complement ? |
To be (is) | S (She, He, It) | Complement ? | |
To be (are) | S (You, They, We) | Complement ? |
Contoh:
(+)Nicky is usually angry with you
(-) Nicky is not usually angry with you
(?) Is Nicky usually angry with you?
Yes, she is / No, she isn’t
Keterangan Waktu:
- Always : selalu - Ever : pernah
- Usually : biasanya - Never : tidak pernah
- Often : sering - Every day : setiap hari
- Sometimes : kadang-kadang - Once a day : sekali sehari
- Seldom : jarang - Generally : umumnya
- Twice a week : dua kali seminggu
Penambahan s/es-in Verb:
Contoh Verbs | Keterangan |
Pass Passes | Huruf “es” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berakhiran “ss, sh, ch, x, z, o”. |
Wash Washes | |
Watch Watches | |
Fix Fixes | |
Buzz Buzzes | |
Go Goes | |
Study Studies | Huruf “ es” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berkhiran dengan huruf “y” sebelumnya berupa huruf konsonan, dan huruf “y” luluh menjadi huruf “i”. |
Play Plays | Huruf “s” ditambahkan pada kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf “y” sebelumnya berupa huruf vokal. |
Speak Speaks Drink Drinks Wait Waits | Huruf “s” pada umumnya ditambahkan pada kata kerja-kata kerja yang tidak berakhiran “ss, sh, ch, x, z, o atau y”. |
Have Has | Kata “have” berubah menjadi “has”, bila diikuti subyek She, He, It. |
2. Present Continuous Tense
Fungsi:
- Menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat berbicara
Contoh: He is driving his car now.
Rumus Verbal:
(+) | S | To be (am, is, are) | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu |
(-) | S | To be (am, is, are) not | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu |
(?) | To be (am, is, are) | S | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu ? |
Contoh:
(+) We are going to Pare now
(-) We aren’t going to Pare now
(?) Are we going to Pare now?
Yes, we are / No, we aren’t
Rumus Nominal:
(+) | S | to be (am, is, are) | Complement |
(-) | S | to be (am, is, are) not | Complement |
(?) | To be (am, is, are) | S | Complement ? |
Keterangan Waktu:
- Now - Today
- Right now - Still
- At present - At this moment
- This morning - Look!
3. Present Perfect Tense
Fungsi:
- Menyatakan aktifitas yang telah terjadi sebelum waktu sekarang ini (waktu terjadinya tidak penting)
Contoh: Ann has eaten dinner
- Menyatakan aktifitas yang telah terjadi beberapa kali (waktu terjadinya tidak penting)
Contoh: Peter has gone to the theater three times
- Menyatakan keadaan yang telah dimulai pada saat tertentu dan hingga kini masih berlangsung. Dalam hal ini, “since” dan “for” digunakan.
Contoh: Mr. Bean has lived in this city since 1998
Rumus Verbal:
(+) | S (I, You, They, We) | have | V3 | Keterangan Waktu |
S (She, He, It) | has | V3 | Keterangan Waktu |
(-) | S (I, You, They, We) | have not | V3 | Keterangan Waktu |
S (She, He, It) | has not | V3 | Keterangan Waktu |
(?) | Have | S (I, You, They, We) | V3 | Keterangan Waktu ? |
Has | S (She, He, It) | V3 | Keterangan Waktu ? |
Contoh:
(+) He has played football
(-) He hasn’t played football
(?) Has he played football ?
Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t
Rumus Nominal:
(+) | S | have/has been | Complement | |||
(-) | S | have/has not been | Complement | |||
(?) | Have/Has | S | Been | Complement ? | ||
Contoh:
(+) The woman has been rich
(-) The woman hasn’t been rich
(?) Has the woman been rich?
Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t
Keterangan Waktu:
- For - Just
- Since - Recently
- Already - Yet
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Fungsi:
- Menyatakan lamanya peristiwa yang terjadi dan masih berlangsung saat dibicarakan.
Contoh: My father has been working for an hour
Rumus Verbal:
(+) | S | have/has been | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu |
(-) | S | have/has not been | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu |
(?) | Have/Has | S | Been | V-ing | O | Keterangan Waktu ? |
Contoh:
(+) The man has been writing a message since an hour ago
(-) The man hasn’t been writing a message since an hour ago
(?) Has the man been writing a message since an hour ago?
Yes, they have / No, they haven’t
Rumus Nominal:
(+) | S | have/has been | Complement |
(-) | S | have/has not been | Complement |
(?) | Have/Has | S | Been | Complement ? |
Keterangan Waktu:
- Since
- For
