PART OF SPEECH
PART OF SPEECH
Part of speech is a classification of words according to how they are used in a sentence and the types of ideas they convey.
No. | Part of Speech | Example |
1. | Noun | Jack ,teacher ,book ,child ,life ,house ,table ,bag ,etc . |
2. | Pronoun | I ,you ,we ,they ,he ,she ,it ,myself ,mine ,someone ,etc . |
3. | Verb | Buy , sleep ,study ,send ,watch ,wash ,swim ,write ,etc . |
4. | Adverb | Often ,always ,yesterday ,tomorrow ,easily ,here ,etc . |
5. | Adjective | Cheap ,expensive ,old ,smart ,beautiful ,many ,much ,etc . |
6. | Conjunction | After ,before ,and , or ,but ,since , if ,while ,because ,etc . |
7. | Preposition | On ,at ,with ,for ,to ,in ,of ,by ,without ,etc |
8. | Interjection | Oh ,ah ,wow ,hey ,hello ,ouch ,hi ,etc . |
1.Noun
There are 4 kinds of noun:
1.Common noun (umum) is noun which is generally.
Example: Boy Country Scientist Day
City Month Mountain Year
2.Proper noun (husus) is a noun which is the name of a particular person,
place, organitation.
etc.(Andrew, brazil, the European Union.)
Example: Indonesiais a big country.
proper noun
3.Collective noun(sekumpulan benda) is a word for group of people , animals or object
considered as a single unit.
Example: -A team of volley ball players is coming .
collective noun
-A class of students is studying grammar.
collective noun
4.Material noun(berasal dari alam)is a noun which is from material for making
something.
Example: Gold Wood Iron
Water Salt Sand ,etc
Berdasarkan wujud:
1.Concrete noun(bisa dideteksi panca indra) is a word for a physical object that can be
perceived by the senses.
Example: Girl Cupboard Iron
Color Cat Water ,etc
2.Abstract nounis the name of something which we experience as an idea ,noy by
seeing, touching.
Example: Biology Chemistry Music
Politic Kindness
Berdasarkan jumlahnya:
1.Countable noun yaitu a noun which can have a plural form, and ca be used with
the indefinite article a/an.
~ Bendanya yang dapat dihitung.
~ Simbol n[C].
~ Ciri-ciri : Dapat diikuti oleh 1,2,3...
Dapat diikuti a/an.
Dapat dijama’kan.
Kinds : Singular [tunggal]
Plural [jama’]
Example: Singular Plural
Car Cars
Child Children
Using of final –s/-es:
1)Regular plural noun
a.Final –s/-es is added to word that the end is consonant and in –e/-ee
Example: Singular Plural
Book Books
Girl Girls
House Houses
Tree Trees
b.Final –es is added to word that end in –ss,-sh,-ch,-x.
Example: Singular Plural
Class Classes
Dish Dishes
Branch Branches
Box Boxes
c.For words that end in –y,if –y is preceded by consonant, the –y is changed to
–i and –es is added.
Example: Singular Plural
City Cities
Story Stories
d. For words that end in –y, if –y is preceded by a vowel ,only –s is added.
Singular Plural
Boy Boys
Key Keys
e For words that end in –f/-ef is changed to ves
Example: Singular Plural
Wife Wives
Knife Knives
But some of words that end in –f/-ef,only –s is added.
Example: Singular Plural
Roof Roofs
Chief Chiefs
2)Irregular plural noun
a.singular and plural are same.
Example: Sheep deer fish
b.Noun which is from foreign language(Latin, Yunani) .
Example: Singular Plural
Media Medium
Analysis Analyses, etc
2.Uncountable noun is a noun which has no plural form and cannot normally be used
with the article a/an.
Bendan yng tidak dapat dihitung
Simbol : n[U]
Ciri-ciri : ~Tidak dapat diikuti 1,2,3...
~Tidak dapat diikuti a/an.
~Ttidak dapat dijama’kan.
Example: water, sugar, fruit, air, milk, sand, etc .
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an
indefinite pronoun has no antecedent).
Def : Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan Noun.
ex : Lihat ! Budi sedang tersenyum sendiriyan, mungkin dia bahagia.
s noun
Look ! Budi is smiling, maybe he is happy
s pronoun
a. Personal pronoun:
Subject | Object | Possessive | Reflexive | |
adjective | pronoun | |||
I | Me | My…… | Mine | Myself |
You | You | Your…. | Yours | Yourself |
We | Us | Our….. | Ours | Ourselves |
They | Them | Their…. | Theirs | Themselves |
He | Him | His…… | His | Himself |
She | Her | Her…… | Hers | Herself |
It | It | Its……. | Its | Itself |
Example: -Theywatch tv in their boarding house.
s p.adj
-My parents visited me last week.
o
-This book is mine.
p. pronoun
-I myself did my homework last night.
Reflexive
b. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Example: -This is a very good book.
-These shoes are mine.
b. Indefinite pronouns (yang menggantikan benda yang tidak jelas): all, another, any,
anybody, anyone, anything, both,each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many,
much, neither, nobody, no one, others, some, somebody, someone, little, several, none, a lot(of),more, most .
Indefinite Pronoun
Example: -No one passed the examination.
-It happened some thirty years ago.
-I need somebody help me.
d.Interrogative pronouns(kata tanya yang menunjukkan benda)
who, whose, whom, which, what.
Example: -Who did it?
-Which is your car?
e.Reciprocal pronoun(Kata ganti yang menunjukkan hubungan interaksi)
~ each other,
~ one another.
Example: -Luna and Rezky love each other.
-All students in my class love one another.
3.Verb
A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something).
a. Based on form
a. Based on form
To infinitive | Bare infinitive | Additional form | Past form | Past participle | Present participle |
To open | Open | Opens | Opened | Opened | Opening |
To study | Study | Studies | Studied | Studied | Studying |
To finish | Finish | Finishes | Finished | Finished | Finishing |
To write | Write | Writes | Wrote | Written | Writing |
To begin | Begin | Begins | Began | Begun | Beginning |
To be | Be | Is, am, are | Was, were | Been | Being |
To do | Do | Does | Did | Done | Doing |
To have | Have | Has | Had | Had | Having |
To eat | Eat | Eats | Ate | Eaten | Eating |
b . Based on position.
Ordinary Verb. (kata kerja utama) mian verb
· Harus ada dalm kalimat.
· Dalam kalimat hanya satu.
· Jika verb nya lebih dari satu, Maka ordinary yang paling ahir.
Auxilary Verb (kata kerja bantu) Helping Verb
· Boleh ada/tidak dalam kalimat.
· Boleh lebih dari satu.
Pola : S + V : Nisa drinks oil.
s V(ordinary) o
S + V + V : Nisa is dringking oil.
s aux ord o
S + V + V + V : Nisa will have drunk oil.
s aux aux ord o
S + V + V + V + V : Nisa will have been dringking oil.
s aux aux aux ord o
c .Based on the function :
1.)Verb auxiliary (kata ganti bantu)Halping verb
Example : -Anton is watching tv now.
v.aux
- Adib and Reza are smart student.
v.aux
Kind of verb auxiliary:
a. Primary auxiliary
~Tidak ada makna dalam kamus
~Membentuk karakter tenses
~Anggota :
Be : Is, Am, Are, Was, were, been, being.
Do : Do/does, Did, Done.
Have : Have, has, had.
Example : -She is reading magazine.
-Dinda doesn’t like him.
-You have had breakfast.
-They didn’t look at me.
Dapat menjadi Ordinary apabila :
Be : Kalimat nominal
Do : Bermakna “Mengerjakan”
Have : Bermakna “mempunyai/ meni’mati”.
b. Modal auxiliary
~ Memiliki makna kamus dalam kalimat
~ Membentuk karakter tenses
~ Anggota: Will (akan)
Would (akan,dulu terbiasa),
Shall (akan),
Should (akan,seharusnya,kemungkinan),
Can (bisa),
Must (harus,pasti),
may (mungkin,boleh,semoga).
~ Selamanya menjadi Auxilary.
Example : - I will go to Lombok island.
-They shouldcome on time.
c. Emphasize auxiliary
~ Memberikan penamaan pada Verb
~ Bermakna Sungguh-sungguh
~ Anggota : do/does, did, done.
Example : -She does love him.
-I do miss you. [saya benar-benar merindukan mu]
~ Kalimat (+).
2.)Verb ordinary (kata kerja utama) Main verb
Example : -I have bought a new car.
v.ord
-She studies English.
v.ord
-I don’t do my homework.
v.ord
Kind of verb ordinary :
a.Transitive verb
Def : Kata kerja yang membutuhkan Objek.
example : - I like you.
▪Kind of verb transitive:
1.) Monotransitiveis transitive verb which has 1 object only.
Example: -She waters the flowers.
-I need you.
2.) Distransitiveis transitive verb which has 2 objects (direct object and indirect object).
Example: -I give you some money.
IO DO
-He sent me letter.
IO DO
b.Intransitive verb
Def: Kata yang tidak membutuhkan Objek.
example : -They run quickly.
-I swim.
4. Adverb
An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Def : (kata yang menjelaskan “Adj, Adv, V, Sentence”).
Posisi : Initial, Middle, Finaly.
Kind of adverb:
1.Adverb of manner (cara)
Adj + ly
Careful ~> Carefully (dengan hati-hati).
Slow ~> Slowly (dengan pelan).
Adv + Adj
Fast ~> Fast.
Adj/Adv(berbeda)
Good ~> Well
Example: -Rara sings sweetly.
adv. of manner
-She goes to school by bus.
adv. of manner
2.Adverb of place and direction (tempat dan arah).
Example: -He is at home.
adv. of place
-The children are playing football outside.
adv. of direction
3.Adverb of time (waktu)
Definite Time [jelas] : now, tomorrow, yestrday, next mount...
Example : -I will come to your home today.
adv. of time(definite time).
-She has alreadytaken a bath.
adv. of time(indefinite time)
Indefinite Time [ tidak jelas]:keseringan,always, often,just, yet, not, already.
4. Intensifeying Adverb (ukuran)
Kinds:
1. Adverb of degree (ukuran)
Too, Very, Enough..
Example: -He is extremelyhandsome.
adv. of degree
§ Distinguishing adverb (emphasizes) penegas
Not, just, only...
Example: -This is not exactlyright.
dist.adv
-I justwant to see him.
dist.adv
B. Based on its Function
1. Sentence adverb.
maybe ~ fortunately
Probably ~ Unfortunately
Finaly ~ ... etc.
ex : His house was burnt. fortunately, she wasn’t at home.
2. Explamatory Adverb (dengan memberi contoh).
Such as Example
Exampligration Namely
Ect...
ex : I have 2 cats, namely: ucil, dan ocil.
3. Interrogative adverb. (kata tanya yang menanyakan adv).
Why (mengapa) ~When (kapan)
Where (dimana) ~How (bagaimana).
ex : She will come here tomorrow.
when will she come here?
4. Exlamatory adverb (kekeguman).
How+ ajd/adv + S + V +! |
ex : I am confused
How Confused I am !
note : what + np + S + V (tidak masuk dlm anggota karena what adj)
5. Relative Adverb
Adv yang difungsikan sebagai Conjuction dalam rangkaian Ajd Clause(AC).
Kinds : When where
why that
ex : I Forgate the date when you come.
6. Conjungtive Adverb (CA)
Adv yang sekaligus Conj.
Kinds : Besides
Furthermore AND
Moreover
Hence
Thus SO
S + V ; CA ,S + V S + V. CA, S + V |
Ex: He sick, so he is absent.
He is sick; Hence, he is absent
He is sick. hence, he is absent.
5.Adjective
Def : Adjective is a word that describes a noun/pronoun.
Kata sifat yang menjelaskan Noun/pronoun sehingga membnetuk pola NP(Noun Phrase)
Example: -beautifulgirl. (noun phrase)
adj → noun
-She is beautiful. (in sentence)
pron ← adj
Kind of adjective:
A.Limiting adjective (LA)
Yaitu adjective bersifat “Membatasi Noun” .
Anggota :
-Article : kata sandang.
a, an, the .
ex : a university, an umbrella, the man.ect...
Kinds : > Definite Article : (jelas) The ~> N [c] sing / N[u] / N Cpl.
> Indefinite Article : (tidak jelas) ~> a : Consonan sound.
an : Vowel sound
-Demontrative adjective : Kata Tunjuk.
> Singular : this, that, (tunggal)
> Plural : these, those (jama’).
-Possessive adjective : kata kepemilikan
Poss. Adjective : Yang berasal dari Pronoun:my, your, her, our,his, their, jack’s. . .
ex :Your House
adj noun
Poss. Genetive : Kepemilikan yang berasal dari Noun.
· Benda hidup : berahiran “s”
ex : Bukunya Agus ~> Agus’s Book / Agus’ Book.
· Tidak berahiran “s”
ex: Suaminya Ida ~> Ida’s Husband.
· Benda Mati
. . . Of . . .
ex : Kuncinya Mobil. ~Lantainya Kelas.
The Key of car. The floor of class.
The. . . .of . . . N + N |
-Indefinite quantity : “menyatakan jumlah”
Banyak :~> many: n Cpl [plural]
~> much : n {U} [uncountable]
Sedikit : Few : n Cpl
Little : n U
Beberapa : Some : (+, - , ? ) n Cpl
Any : ( - , ? ) n U
Several : (+ , - , ? ) n Cpl.
Setiap : Each : n C singular
Every : n C singular
ex : 1. Many (man/mans/men) bring ( much/many)water.
2. Several (book/books) (is,am,are) on the table.
-Numeral : “bilangan “
a.) cardinal number : one, two, three, four, etc .
b.) ordinal number : first, second, third, forth, etc .
B.Descriptive adjective (DA)
Yaitu adjective yang memberi gambaran mengenai kondisi Noun.
-Character: “ Sifat” Kind, Cruel, Humle, Wise, ect
-Quality :”kualitas”honest, kind, friendly, good, bad, ugly, handsome, etc .
-Size :”ukuran” small , big, little, long, short, high, etc .
-Age : “umur”old, new, young, ancient, etc.
-Temperature : “suhu”hot, cold, warm, etc.
-Shape : “bentuk” square, triangle, round, oval, etc.
-Color : “warna” blue, green, white, brown, black, etc.
-Nationality : “kebangsaan” Indonesia, America, England, etc.
Adjective bersama noun membentuk rangkaian yang disebut dengan Noun Phrase (np)
dan berpola :
LA + DA + N
modifirer modifier head
LA : Limiting Adjective.
DA : Descreptive Adjective.
N : Noun.
Example: an old car. ~> Beautiful woman.
LA DA N DA N
M M H M H
-three purple plastic bags. ~> Ani’s Book
LA DA N LA N
6.Conjunction
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Kinds: A. Compound Conj “setara”
B. Complex Conj “tidak setara”
A. Compound Conj
Def : Conj yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara (setara structure).
form :
Word Noun Adjective Phrase Clause Sentence | CONJUCTION | Word Noun Adjective Phrase Clause Sentence |
Kinds: 1. Cordinative Conj “1 kata”
2. Correlative Conj “lebih dari 1 kata”.
a.)Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value:
Kinds : F,A,N,B,O,Y,S
ü For : karena
ü And : dan
ü Nor : pun../tdk
ü But : tetapi
ü Or : atau
ü Yet : tetapi
ü So : jadi, sehingga
Note : F, N, Y, S menghubungkan clause dengan clause.
A, B, O menghubungkan ~Word - Word.
~Clause - Clause.
For, So, Yet : Penulisan diawali dg tanda koma(,).
Nor : Bila menghubungkan antara MC-MC maka Clause bila setelah Nor harus di
inversi(susun balik).
For : Conj + For + S + V
Prep + For + O + of Prep.
S + V Nor S + V MC MC | V + S |
ex : Dia tidak akan minum dan dia tidak akan makan.
She will not drink and she will not eat.
_____nor_________
She will not drink nor, will she eat.
Example: -For : He felt upset, for he lost his money.
-And : The dog and the cat are hungry.
-Nor : I did’t study chemistry nor math.
-But : She is beautiful, but she is lazy
-Or : Shinta or Zahra will go to department store.
-Yet : He didn’t study, yet he passed the exam.
-So : Dicka was tired, so He went to bed.
b.)Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-
but also.
1. Both (baik). . .And(maupun) . . .
2. Not only(tdk hanya). . .But also(tetapi juga). . .
3. Either(jika bukan) . . . Or(berarti). . .
4. Neither(baik). . . nor(maupun). . .
Example : -Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
-Not only Tika but alsoher sister can speak English.
-EitherSam or I am going to your home.
-Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
c.)Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with
independent clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if,
since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.
Example: - After they ate, they had dessert.
-She will go to school although it rains.
B. Complex Conjuction.(tidak setara)
2. Semua kata penghubung yang tidak masuk dalam Cordinative, Correlative.
3. Tidak setara.
4. Pola S + V Conj S + V
Main Clause Sub Clause
Conj S + V , S + V
SC MC
5. Anggota : selain Compound “Because, if ..”
ex: Ari always smiles , because he is crazy.
s v conj s v
_________________ _________________
MC SC
ex : Ari goes If I go
s v conj s v
_________ _________
MC SC
7.Preposition
A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.
Def : Kata yang mengawali rangkaian prepositional Phrase.
Form :
Prep + Obj of Prep n/prep/np/G |
Examples: -My pencil is under my desk by my foot.
-Martha drove motorcycle from her house to her university.
-Rika cooked rice for me.
Kind of preposition :
1.Bound preposition
Example: -He is jelouse at you.
-She is thinking of him.
-Harun always looks afterhis pet.
2. Free preposition
Example : -Joe is sitting between two beautiful girl.
-They come to their friend house.
Kata yang mengikuti Preposition :
· Noun
Interest in
Objection to
Attention to
· Adjective
Afraid of
Angry with
Jealous at
· Verb
Tidak merubah makna.
- Agree
- agree with
- live
- live in
Kata yang Merubah Makna :
- Look :nampak - Pick : memetik
- Look for :mencari - Pick up:menjemput
- Look after :merawat
- Look at :melihat
Kinds : ~Unsparable
Tidak dapat dipisahkan dari object
ex : Rina always look after my cat.
~Sparable
Dapat dipisahkan
ex : Irul pick up Dila ~Irul pick her up
Irul pick Dila up ~ Irul pick up her:Salah.
8.Interjection.
An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Example: well! , good heaven! Come out! , no fear! , ah! , dear! , fire!, oh my! ,etc.
-Ah! That’s not right.
-That little sister of his, oh ,is such a clear.
CLAUSE
Clause is a part of a sentence which contains a subject and verb, usually
joined to the rest of sentence by conjunction.
Kind of clause :
1. Noun Clauses
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
Example : a.)Question word
-I love how you love me.
-I don’t know where she lives.
-I don’t know who lives there.
-I wonder whose house that is.
b.)Yes/No Question
-I don’t know whether he will come.
-I wonder if he needs help.
-Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.
c.)Statement
-It is important that we help one another.
-Have I told you lately that I love you?
-We know that the world is round.
-It is obvious that she doesn’t understand spoken English.
2. Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in
another clause or phrase.
a.)Adjective clause pronouns as the subject.
▪Who =used for people.
▪Which=used for things.
▪That=used for both people and thing.
Example : -I visited the girl who lives next to my house
-I think the girl who called youlikes you.
-The book which is on table is mine.
b.)Adjective clause pronouns as the object of a verb.
▪Who(m)=used for people.
▪Which=used for thing.
▪That=used for both people and things.
Example: -I bought a book which Zahra wrote.
-The man who(m) I saw was Mr. john.
c.)Adjective clause pronouns as the object of preposition.
▪Whom=used for people.
▪Which=used for things.
Example: -Mr. Farhan is a teacher about whom I told you. Or
-Mr. Farhan is a teacher whom I told you about.
-The music to which we listened last night was good. Or
-The music which we listened to last night was good.
d.)Adjective clause pronouns as possessive.
▪Whose=used to show possession.
▪Of which
Example: -I know the girl whose bicycle is good.
-Your dog of which fur is thick is white.Or
-Your dog of fur is thick is white.
3. Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb
in another clause or phrase.
a.)Adverbial clauses to show cause and effect.
Example: -He went to bed because he was sleepy.
-Harry is in good shape physically because he gets a lot of
exercise.
b.)Adverbial clauses of time.
Example: -I still remember the day when we met for the first time.
-He had no sooner finished one task then he was asked to do
another.
c.)Adverbial clauses of reason.
Example: -Since he couldn’t take his wife with him, he decided not to go to
the conference.
-She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.
d.)Adverbial clauses of contrast.
Example: -Some newspaper carry many advertisement, whereas others
have not at all.
-He claims to be a member of the royal family, when in fact his
family are immigrant.
e.)Adverbial clauses of purpose.
Example:
-He told his wife as little as possible, lest should spread the news
all over town.
f.)Adverbial clauses of condition.
Example: -If it rain, the street get wet.
-I’m going to go swimming tomorrow, whether or not it is cold.
g.)Adverbial clauses of manner.
Example: -They all treat him as if he were a king.
-He left the room as though he had been angry.
PHRASE
Phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbal, but it does not
have a subject doing a verb.
Kind of phrase :
1. Noun Phrases
A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.
Example : -My expensive book is lost.
m/adj m/adj → H/n
noun phrase
-My father washes my car.
m/adj H/n m/adj H/n
noun phrase noun phrase
2. Adjective Phrases
An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example : -Mathematic is so difficult.
m/adj → H/adj
adj. phrase
3. Adverb Phrases
A adverb phrase is prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase,
functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences.
Example: -The singer sings very beautifully.
m/adv → H/adv
adv. phrase
4. Verb Phrases
A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any
adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it.
Example : -Often come. -Run fast.
m/adv → H/n H/n → m/adv
v. phrase v. phrase
5. Gerund Phrases
A gerund is an -ing form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence.
A gerund phrase is the gerund plus any phrase or clause associated with it.
Example : -I forgot bringing my book.
Gerund ← obj. of ger./n
Gerund phrase
6.Participle Phrases
A participial is an -ing or -ed form of a verb—not functioning as a noun. Instead, it
and the phrases or clauses associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence.
Example : -I love the girl sweeping there.
m/adj H/n m/ adj
part.phrase
7.To infinitive Phrases
To infinitive phrases are composed of an infinitive verb (the base form
of the verb preceded by to) and any modifying adverbs or prepositional
phrase.
Example : -I want to help my mother.
To inf.← obj. of to inf.
To inf. phrase
-I remember to repair my bicycle.
To inf. ← Obj. of to inf.
To if. Phrase
8.Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases are composed of the preposition and a following noun
phrase. Prepositional phrases are used either adjectivally to modify nouns
or adverbially to modify verbs, adjectives, or clauses.
Example : -Mr. John goes to Lombok with his son.
Prep. Obj. of prep prep. m/ adj H/n
prep. Phrase prep. Phrase
9.Exclamatory Phrases
Example : -What a pity you are.
n.phrase
excl. phrase
-How difficult it is.
Adi
Excl.phrase